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This study, which calculates the economic cost of nature’s decline across 140 countries, shows that the loss of six ecosystem services under a business-as-usual trajectory leads to losses of US$9.87 trillion in real GDP by 2050. This represents an annual loss of US$479 billion per year. In contrast, under a scenario in which land-use is carefully managed to avoid further loss of areas important for biodiversity and ecosystem services, economic outcomes would be dramatically better, with global GDP rising by $490 billion per year above the business-as-usual calculation.