The case study analyses the links between infrastructure development, deforestation, governance, and security challenges in the Brazilian Amazon. The study draws from a wide body of literature as well as expert interviews conducted in January 2020. Thirty organizations, including nongovernmental organizations, law enforcement agencies, industry associations, consulting firms, and government bodies were consulted in Manaus, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, and Washington, D.C. The country case study informs a larger report on sustainable infrastructure development in the Amazon. This is a complex topic and creates many sensitivities within the Amazon Basin countries. However, the authors hope that it helps change the discourse on the Amazon’s future and presents constructive ideas to foster more balanced development of the region.