Sustainability and Second Life: The case for cobalt and lithium recycling

To support the transition to a low-carbon economy, governments, businesses, and consumers around the world are investing considerable amounts in renewable energy technologies, including electric vehicles (EVs), solar panels, and wind turbines. Cobalt and lithium are central to the development and deployments of these technologies—largely due to their use in lithium-ion batteries—and, as such, the demand for both minerals has and is predicted to increase substantially. However, the supplies of both minerals are not projected to meet demand, with shortfalls expected in the coming decade.

This report explores the potential of cobalt and lithium recycling. It examines existing and perceived barriers to mineral recycling, answering why current recycling rates for cobalt and lithium are so low. It also identifies opportunities and solutions along the supply chains of both minerals to increase recycling.

This report includes the following recommendations:

• Increasing transparency and responsible sourcing along primary and recycling supply chains;
• Enhancing the eco-design of products containing lithium and cobalt;
• Raising consumer awareness regarding current collection and recycling schemes;
• Making new or revised investments to improve collection infrastructure, technology development, and knowledge creation; and
• Designating the actors responsible and liable for recycling materials.